References
Code#
NVIDIA-RTX/godot (path tracer, DLSS); uno1982/godot feature/physx5-module (Wild Ox Studios, MIT); NVIDIA-Omniverse/PhysX (BSD-3-Clause); GPUOpen-Effects/TressFX (AMD, MIT; strand hair simulation and rendering); valence-engine-rtx (camera-relative tracing, ray offset, persistent instance slots, opacity micromap bake). Research notes: docs/ideas.
Papers and engines#
| Area | Sources |
|---|---|
| Many lights | Talbot et al., Importance Resampling for Global Illumination, EGSR 2005 Boksansky et al., Rendering Many Lights with Grid-Based Reservoirs (ReGIR), Ray Tracing Gems II, 2021 Bitterli et al., Spatiotemporal Reservoir Resampling (ReSTIR DI), SIGGRAPH 2020 Olsson et al., Clustered Deferred and Forward Shading, HPG 2012 Narkowicz and Costa, MegaLights: Stochastic Direct Lighting, SIGGRAPH Advances 2025 NVIDIA, Spatial Hash Radiance Cache (SHaRC), RTXGI SDK |
| Indirect light reuse | Ouyang et al., ReSTIR GI: Path Resampling for Real-Time Path Tracing, HPG 2021 Lin et al., Generalized Resampled Importance Sampling: Foundations of ReSTIR, SIGGRAPH 2022 NVIDIA, RTXDI SDK, ReSTIR GI |
| Lit transparents | Wronski, Volumetric Fog: Unified Compute Shader Based Solution to Atmospheric Scattering, SIGGRAPH 2014 Hillaire, Physically Based and Unified Volumetric Rendering in Frostbite, SIGGRAPH 2015 NVIDIA, RTX Remix volumetric radiance cache for particles Garg, Nayar, Photorealistic Rendering of Rain Streaks, SIGGRAPH 2006 Henyey, Greenstein, Diffuse Radiation in the Galaxy, Astrophysical Journal, 1941 McGuire, Bavoil, Weighted Blended Order-Independent Transparency, JCGT 2013 |
| Large worlds | Wächter, Binder, A Fast and Robust Method for Avoiding Self-Intersection, Ray Tracing Gems, 2019 valence-engine-rtx, camera-relative tracing and the ray offset floor |
| Exposure | Reinhard et al., Photographic Tone Reproduction for Digital Images, SIGGRAPH 2002 Epic Games, Unreal Engine Auto Exposure histogram metering Krawczyk, Myszkowski, Seidel, Lightness Perception in Tone Reproduction for High Dynamic Range Images, Eurographics 2005 Chen, Paris, Durand, Real-time Edge-Aware Image Processing with the Bilateral Grid, SIGGRAPH 2007 Epic Games, Unreal Engine 5.1 Local Exposure |
| Alpha-tested foliage | Khronos, VK_EXT_opacity_micromapNVIDIA, Opacity Micro-Map SDK and Path Tracing Optimizations in Indiana Jones: Opacity Micromaps and Compaction of Dynamic BLASs valence-engine-rtx, runtime GPU micromap bake (D96) |
| Texture filtering | Akenine-Möller et al., Texture Level of Detail Strategies for Real-Time Ray Tracing, Ray Tracing Gems, 2019 Akenine-Möller et al., Improved Shader and Texture Level of Detail Using Ray Cones, JCGT 2021 |
| Cloth tearing | NVIDIA, PhysX 2.8 tearable cloth (NX_CLF_TEARABLE, tearFactor)O’Brien, Hodgins, Graphical Modeling and Animation of Brittle Fracture, SIGGRAPH 1999 Metaaphanon, Bando, Chen, Nishita, Simulation of Tearing Cloth with Frayed Edges, Pacific Graphics 2009 Macklin, Müller, Chentanez, XPBD: Position-Based Simulation of Compliant Constrained Dynamics, MIG 2016 |
| Plant placement | van Muijden, GPU-Based Run-Time Procedural Placement in Horizon: Zero Dawn, GDC 2017 Bridson, Fast Poisson Disk Sampling in Arbitrary Dimensions, SIGGRAPH 2007 sketches Carrier, Procedural World Generation of Far Cry 5, GDC 2018 Wohllaib, Procedural Grass in Ghost of Tsushima, GDC 2021 Jahrmann, Wimmer, Responsive Real-Time Grass Rendering for General 3D Scenes, I3D 2017 Ellenberg et al., Zeigerwerte von Pflanzen in Mitteleuropa, Scripta Geobotanica 18, 1991 Monsi, Saeki, Über den Lichtfaktor in den Pflanzengesellschaften, Japanese Journal of Botany 14, 1953 Bolte et al., Climate Change Impacts on Beech, Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 22, 2007 |
| Terrain generation | Cordonnier et al., Large Scale Terrain Generation from Tectonic Uplift and Fluvial Erosion, Computer Graphics Forum 35, 2016 Braun, Willett, A Very Efficient O(n), Implicit and Parallel Method to Solve the Stream Power Equation Governing Fluvial Incision and Landscape Evolution, Geomorphology 180, 2013 Schott et al., Large-scale Terrain Authoring through Interactive Erosion Simulation, ACM TOG 42, 2023 Clay John, Eroded Terrain Noise, Shadertoy, 2018 Fewes, Terrain Erosion Noise, Shadertoy, 2023 Johansen, Fast and Gorgeous Erosion Filter, blog, 2026 Kass, Witkin, Analyzing Oriented Patterns, CVGIP 37, 1987 Heimsath et al., The Soil Production Function and Landscape Equilibrium, Nature 388, 1997 Wobus et al., Tectonics from Topography: Procedures, Promise, and Pitfalls, GSA Special Paper 398, 2006 Montgomery et al., Distribution of Bedrock and Alluvial Channels in Forested Mountain Drainage Basins, Nature 381, 1996 Leopold, Maddock, The Hydraulic Geometry of Stream Channels and Some Physiographic Implications, USGS Professional Paper 252, 1953 Hack, Studies of Longitudinal Stream Profiles in Virginia and Maryland, USGS Professional Paper 294-B, 1957 Olsen, Realtime Procedural Terrain Generation, 2004 Mei, Decaudin, Hu, Fast Hydraulic Erosion Simulation and Visualization on GPU, Pacific Graphics 2007 Šťava, Beneš, Brisbin, Křivánek, Interactive Terrain Modeling Using Hydraulic Erosion, SCA 2008 Beyer, Implementation of a Method for Hydraulic Erosion, TU Munich, 2015 Bruun, Coast Erosion and the Development of Beach Profiles, Beach Erosion Board Tech. Memo 44, 1954 Dean, Equilibrium Beach Profiles: Characteristics and Applications, J. Coastal Research 7, 1991 Borgefors, Distance Transformations in Digital Images, CVGIP 34, 1986 Costa, Schuster, The Formation and Failure of Natural Dams, GSA Bulletin 100, 1988 Korup, Recent Research on Landslide Dams, Progress in Physical Geography 26, 2002 Barnes, Callaghan, Wickert, Computing Water Flow through Complex Landscapes, Part 3: Fill-Spill-Merge, Earth Surface Dynamics 9, 2021 Tzathas, Gailleton, Steer, Cordonnier, Physically-based Analytical Erosion for Fast Terrain Generation, Computer Graphics Forum 43, 2024 Gilbert, Rate of Recession of Niagara Falls, USGS Bulletin 306, 1907 Haviv, Enzel, Whipple et al., Evolution of Vertical Knickpoints (Waterfalls) with Resistant Caprock, JGR 115, 2010 Forte, Yanites, Whipple, Complexities of Landscape Evolution during Incision through Layered Stratigraphy, ESPL 41, 2016 Sklar, Dietrich, Sediment and Rock Strength Controls on River Incision into Bedrock, Geology 29, 2001 Scheingross, Lamb, A Mechanistic Model of Waterfall Plunge Pool Erosion into Bedrock, JGR Earth Surface 122, 2017 McCabe, Markstrom, A Monthly Water-Balance Model Driven by a Graphical User Interface, USGS Open-File Report 2007-1088, 2007 Thornthwaite, Mather, Instructions and Tables for Computing Potential Evapotranspiration and the Water Balance, Publications in Climatology 10, 1957 Hock, A Distributed Temperature-Index Ice- and Snowmelt Model Including Potential Direct Solar Radiation, J. Glaciology 45, 1999 Hock, Temperature Index Melt Modelling in Mountain Areas, J. Hydrology 282, 2003 Calov, Greve, A Semi-Analytical Solution for the Positive Degree-Day Model with Stochastic Temperature Variations, J. Glaciology 51, 2005 Nash, The Form of the Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph, IAHS Publication 45, 1957 Priority-Flood and multiple flow direction: see Terrain analysis Yuan, Braun, Guerit, Rouby, Cordonnier, A New Efficient Method to Solve the Stream Power Law Model Taking Into Account Sediment Deposition, J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surface 124, 2019 |
| Climate maps | Rolland, Spatial and Seasonal Variations of Air Temperature Lapse Rates in Alpine Regions, J. Climate 16, 2003 Smith, Barstad, A Linear Theory of Orographic Precipitation, J. Atmospheric Sciences 61, 2004 Thornthwaite, An Approach toward a Rational Classification of Climate, Geographical Review 38, 1948 Kasten, Young, Revised Optical Air Mass Tables and Approximation Formula, Applied Optics 28, 1989 Kasten and Czeplak 1980 and Winstral et al. 2002: see Snow |
| Terrain material | Andersson, Terrain Rendering in Frostbite Using Procedural Shader Splatting, SIGGRAPH course 2007 Moore, Terrain Rendering in Far Cry 5, GDC 2018 Gollent, Landscape Creation and Rendering in REDengine 3, GDC 2014 Mishkinis, Advanced Terrain Texture Splatting, 2013 Quilez, Biplanar Mapping, 2020 |
| Granular ground | Sumner, O’Brien, Hodgins, Animating Sand, Mud, and Snow, Computer Graphics Forum 18, 1999 Onoue, Nishita, An Interactive Deformation System for Granular Material, Computer Graphics Forum 24, 2005 Al-Hashemi, Al-Amoudi, A Review on the Angle of Repose of Granular Materials, Powder Technology 330, 2018 Hornbaker et al., What Keeps Sandcastles Standing?, Nature 387, 1997 Coussot, Mudflow Rheology and Dynamics, 1997 Bekker 1969 and Wong: see Snow |
| Terrain analysis | Horn, Hill Shading and the Reflectance Map, Proc. IEEE 69, 1981 Zevenbergen, Thorne, Quantitative Analysis of Land Surface Topography, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 12, 1987 Barnes, Lehman, Mulla, Priority-Flood: An Optimal Depression-Filling and Watershed-Labeling Algorithm for Digital Elevation Models, Computers and Geosciences 62, 2014 Freeman, Calculating Catchment Area with Divergent Flow Based on a Regular Grid, Computers and Geosciences 17, 1991 Quinn, Beven, Chevallier, Planchon, The Prediction of Hillslope Flow Paths for Distributed Hydrological Modelling Using Digital Terrain Models, Hydrological Processes 5, 1991 Beven, Kirkby, A Physically Based, Variable Contributing Area Model of Basin Hydrology, Hydrological Sciences Bulletin 24, 1979 Felzenszwalb, Huttenlocher, Distance Transforms of Sampled Functions, Theory of Computing 8, 2012 |
| Hair simulation | Petrovic, Henne, Anderson, Volumetric Methods for Simulation and Rendering of Hair, Pixar Technical Memo 06-08, 2005 |
| Hair shadows | Lokovic, Veach, Deep Shadow Maps, SIGGRAPH 2000 Kim, Neumann, Opacity Shadow Maps, EGWR 2001 Yuksel, Keyser, Deep Opacity Maps, Eurographics 2008 Enderton, Sintorn, Shirley, Luebke, Stochastic Transparency, I3D 2010 |
| Pixel sampling | Roberts, The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Quasirandom Sequences, 2018 |
| Instanced animation | Dudash, Animated Crowd Rendering, GPU Gems 3, chapter 2, 2007 |
| Ocean spectrum | Horvath, Empirical Directional Wave Spectra for Computer Graphics, DigiPro 2015 Donelan, Hamilton, Hui, Directional Spectra of Wind-Generated Waves, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 315, 1985 Hasselmann, Dunckel, Ewing, Directional Wave Spectra Observed during JONSWAP 1973, J. Phys. Oceanogr. 10, 1980 Cox, Munk, Measurement of the Roughness of the Sea Surface from Photographs of the Sun’s Glitter, JOSA 44, 1954 Flügge, Realtime GPGPU FFT Ocean Water Simulation, TU Hamburg-Harburg, 2017 |
| Whitecaps | Monahan, O’Muircheartaigh, Optimal Power-Law Description of Oceanic Whitecap Coverage Dependence on Wind Speed, J. Phys. Oceanogr. 10, 1980 Dupuy, Bruneton, Real-time Animation and Rendering of Ocean Whitecaps, SIGGRAPH Asia 2012 Technical Briefs Anguelova, Webster, Whitecap Coverage from Satellite Measurements, J. Geophys. Res. 111, 2006 Tessendorf, Simulating Ocean Water, SIGGRAPH course 2001 |
| Boat wakes | Tessendorf, eWave: Using an Exponential Solver on the iWave Problem, 2014 Tessendorf, Interactive Water Surfaces, Game Programming Gems 4, 2004 Thomson (Lord Kelvin), On Ship Waves, Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng., 1887 Rabaud, Moisy, Ship Wakes: Kelvin or Mach Angle?, Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 2013 Jeschke et al., Water Surface Wavelets, SIGGRAPH 2018 (considered; random phases cannot form the pattern) |
| Raster water reflections | Bruneton, Neyret, Holzschuch, Real-time Realistic Ocean Lighting using Seamless Transitions from Geometry to BRDF, Eurographics 2010 Tokuyoshi, Kaplanyan, Improved Geometric Specular Antialiasing, I3D 2019 |
| Flow bakes (multigrid) | McAdams, Sifakis, Teran, A Parallel Multigrid Poisson Solver for Fluids Simulation on Large Grids, SCA 2010 Briggs, Henson, McCormick, A Multigrid Tutorial, 2nd ed., SIAM 2000 Braess, Towards Algebraic Multigrid for Elliptic Problems of Second Order, Computing 55, 1995 |
| Waterfall mist | Stam, Stable Fluids, SIGGRAPH 1999 Rogers, Yau, A Short Course in Cloud Physics, 3rd ed., 1989 (drop growth and evaporation, settling) Glauert, The Wall Jet, J. Fluid Mech. 1, 1956 Novák, Selle, Jarosz, Residual Ratio Tracking for Estimating Attenuation in Participating Media, SIGGRAPH Asia 2014 |
| Breaking waves | Thürey, Müller-Fischer, Schirm, Gross, Real-time Breaking Waves for Shallow Water Simulations, Pacific Graphics 2007 Ihmsen, Akinci, Akinci, Teschner, Unified Spray, Foam and Bubbles for Particle-Based Fluids, The Visual Computer 28, 2012 Mead, Black, Predicting the Breaking Intensity of Surfing Waves, Journal of Coastal Research SI 29, 2001 Longuet-Higgins, On the Statistical Distribution of the Heights of Sea Waves, Journal of Marine Research 11, 1952 Longuet-Higgins, Statistical Properties of Wave Groups in a Random Sea State, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 312, 1984 Battjes, Janssen, Energy Loss and Set-Up Due to Breaking of Random Waves, Coastal Engineering 1978 Thornton, Guza, Transformation of Wave Height Distribution, Journal of Geophysical Research 88, 1983 Mase, Iwagaki, Wave Height Distributions and Wave Grouping in Surf Zone, Coastal Engineering 1982 |
| Snow | Jennings et al., Spatial Variation of the Rain-Snow Temperature Threshold Across the Northern Hemisphere, Nature Communications 9, 2018 Hedstrom, Pomeroy, Measurements and Modelling of Snow Interception in the Boreal Forest, Hydrological Processes 12, 1998 Verseghy, CLASS, A Canadian Land Surface Scheme for GCMs, I. Soil Model, Int. J. Climatology 11, 1991 Pellicciotti et al., An Enhanced Temperature-Index Glacier Melt Model, J. Glaciology 51, 2005 Meinel, Meinel, Applied Solar Energy, 1976 Kasten, Czeplak, Solar and Terrestrial Radiation Dependent on the Amount and Type of Cloud, Solar Energy 24, 1980 Bernhardt, Schulz, SnowSlide: A Simple Routine for Calculating Gravitational Snow Transport, GRL 37, 2010 Winstral, Elder, Davis, Spatial Snow Modeling of Wind-Redistributed Snow Using Terrain-Based Parameters, J. Hydrometeorology 3, 2002 Li, Pomeroy, Estimates of Threshold Wind Speeds for Snow Transport Using Meteorological Data, J. Applied Meteorology 36, 1997 Niu, Yang, An Observation-Based Formulation of Snow Cover Fraction, JGR 112, 2007 Fearing, Computer Modelling of Fallen Snow, SIGGRAPH 2000 Gunn, Marshall, The Distribution with Size of Aggregate Snowflakes, J. Meteorology 15, 1958 Magono, Nakamura, Aerodynamic Studies of Falling Snowflakes, J. Meteor. Soc. Japan 43, 1965 Locatelli, Hobbs, Fall Speeds and Masses of Solid Precipitation Particles, JGR 79, 1974 Nemes, Dasari, Hong, Guala, Coletti, Snowflakes in the Atmospheric Surface Layer: Observation of Particle-Turbulence Dynamics, J. Fluid Mechanics 814, 2017 Pomeroy, A Process-Based Model of Snow Drifting, J. Glaciology 35, 1989 Pomeroy, Gray, Saltation of Snow, Water Resources Research 26, 1990 Rasmussen et al., The Estimation of Snowfall Rate Using Visibility, J. Applied Meteorology 38, 1999 Garg, Nayar, Photorealistic Rendering of Rain Streaks, SIGGRAPH 2006 Richardson, Stochastic Simulation of Daily Precipitation, Temperature, and Solar Radiation (WGEN), Water Resources Research 17, 1981 Cooper, The Absorption of Radiation in Solar Stills, Solar Energy 12, 1969 Yu, Li, Walter, Lehning, Zhang, Huang, Wind Conditions for Snow Cornice Formation in a Wind Tunnel, The Cryosphere 17, 2023 Hancock, Eckerstorfer, Prokop, Hendrikx, Quantifying Seasonal Cornice Dynamics Using a Terrestrial Laser Scanner in Svalbard, Norway, NHESS 20, 2020 Naito, Kobayashi, Experimental Study on the Occurrence of Cornice, Low Temperature Science, Physics 44, 1986 Warren, Optical Properties of Snow, Reviews of Geophysics 20, 1982 Zirr, Kaplanyan, Real-time Rendering of Procedural Multiscale Materials, I3D 2016 Jakob, Hašan, Yan, Lawrence, Ramamoorthi, Marschner, Discrete Stochastic Microfacet Models, SIGGRAPH 2014 Yan, Hašan, Jakob, Lawrence, Marschner, Ramamoorthi, Rendering Glints on High-Resolution Normal-Mapped Specular Surfaces, SIGGRAPH 2014 Chermain, Sauvage, Dischler, Dachsbacher, Procedural Physically Based BRDF for Real-Time Rendering of Glints, Pacific Graphics 2020 Atanasov, Koylazov, A Practical Stochastic Algorithm for Rendering Mirror-Like Flakes, SIGGRAPH 2016 Talks Deliot, Belcour, Real-Time Rendering of Glinty Appearances using Distributed Binomial Laws on Anisotropic Grids, HPG 2023 Taylor, Lee, Simple Guidelines for Estimating Wind Speed Variations Due to Small-Scale Topographic Features, Climatological Bulletin 18, 1984 Roesch, Wild, Gilgen, Ohmura, A New Snow Cover Fraction Parametrization for the ECHAM4 GCM, Climate Dynamics 17, 2001 Pomeroy, Male, Optical Properties of Blowing Snow, J. Glaciology 34, 1988 Pomeroy, Male, Steady-State Suspension of Snow, J. Hydrology 136, 1992 Kraichnan, Diffusion by a Random Velocity Field, Physics of Fluids 13, 1970 Fierz et al., The International Classification for Seasonal Snow on the Ground, UNESCO-IHP, 2009 Hertz, Ueber das Gleichgewicht schwimmender elastischer Platten, Annalen der Physik 258, 1884 Hetényi, Beams on Elastic Foundation, 1946 Lehning et al., A Physical SNOWPACK Model for the Swiss Avalanche Warning, Part II, Cold Regions Science and Technology 35, 2002 Vionnet et al., The Detailed Snowpack Scheme Crocus and its Implementation in SURFEX v7.2, Geoscientific Model Development 5, 2012 Liston, Sturm, A Snow-Transport Model for Complex Terrain, J. Glaciology 44, 1998 Liston, Elder, A Meteorological Distribution System for High-Resolution Terrestrial Modeling (MicroMet), J. Hydrometeorology 7, 2006 Liston et al., Simulating Complex Snow Distributions in Windy Environments Using SnowTran-3D, J. Glaciology 53, 2007 Tabler, Snow Transport as a Function of Wind Speed and Height, Cold Regions Engineering, ASCE, 1991 Vogel, Eckerstorfer, Christiansen, Cornice Dynamics and Meteorological Control at Gruvefjellet, Central Svalbard, The Cryosphere 6, 2012 Sommerfeld, The Relationship between Density and Tensile Strength in Snow, J. Glaciology 10, 1971 McClung, In-Situ Estimates of the Tensile Strength of Snow Utilizing Large Sample Sizes, J. Glaciology 22, 1979 Makkonen, A Model of Icicle Growth, J. Glaciology 34, 1988 Szilder, Lozowski, An Analytical Model of Icicle Growth, Annals of Glaciology 19, 1994 Maeno, Makkonen, Nishimura, Kosugi, Takahashi, Growth Rates of Icicles, J. Glaciology 40, 1994 Ueno, Morphological Instability of the Solid-Liquid Interface in Crystal Growth under Supercooled Liquid Film Flow and Natural Convection Airflow, Physics of Fluids 15, 2003 Chen, Morris, On the Origin and Evolution of Icicle Ripples, New Journal of Physics 15, 2013 Ladan, Morris, Pattern of Inclusions inside Rippled Icicles, Physical Review E 106, 2022 Bekker, Introduction to Terrain-Vehicle Systems, 1969 Wong, Theory of Ground Vehicles Barré-Brisebois, Deformable Snow Rendering in Batman: Arkham Origins, GDC 2014 Michels, Sikachev et al., Rendering Rise of the Tomb Raider (deformable snow), SIGGRAPH 2015 Surricchio, Reinventing the Wheel for Snow Rendering, GDC 2023 |
| Lightning and thunder | Price, Rind, A Simple Lightning Parameterization for Calculating Global Lightning Distributions, JGR 97, 1992 Price, Rind, What Determines the Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Fraction in Thunderstorms?, GRL 20, 1993 Reed, Wyvill, Visual Simulation of Lightning, SIGGRAPH 1994 Kim, Lin, Physically Based Animation and Rendering of Lightning, Pacific Graphics 2004 Niemeyer, Pietronero, Wiesmann, Fractal Dimension of Dielectric Breakdown, PRL 52, 1984 Guo, Krider, The Optical and Radiation Field Signatures Produced by Lightning Return Strokes, JGR 87, 1982 Rakov, Uman, Lightning: Physics and Effects, 2003 Few, Power Spectrum of Thunder, JGR 74, 1969 Ribner, Roy, Acoustics of Thunder: A Quasilinear Model for Tortuous Lightning, JASA 72, 1982 Blanco, La Rocca, Petta, Riggi, Modelling Digital Thunder, Eur. J. Phys. 30, 2009 ISO 9613-1, Attenuation of Sound During Propagation Outdoors, Part 1, 1993 |
| Sun and moon clock | Meeus, Astronomical Algorithms, 2nd ed., Willmann-Bell 1998 (chapters 7, 12, 22, 25, 47, 48) Espenak, Meeus, Five Millennium Canon of Solar Eclipses (delta T polynomials), NASA TP-2006-214141, 2006 Saemundsson, Astronomical Refraction, Sky and Telescope 72, 1986 Allen, Astrophysical Quantities (moon magnitude by phase), 4th ed. (Cox), 2000 Darula, Kittler, Gueymard, Reference Luminous Solar Constant and Solar Luminance for Illuminance Calculations, Solar Energy 79, 2005 |
| Weather and clouds | Schneider, The Real-time Volumetric Cloudscapes of Horizon Zero Dawn, SIGGRAPH Advances 2015, and Nubis, SIGGRAPH Advances 2017 Schneider, The Real-Time Volumetric Superstorms of Horizon Forbidden West, GDC 2023 Hillaire, Physically Based Sky, Atmosphere and Cloud Rendering in Frostbite, SIGGRAPH 2016 Bohren, Multiple Scattering of Light and Some of Its Observable Consequences, Am. J. Phys. 55, 1987 IEC 61400-1 Annex B, Kaimal turbulence Cionco, A Mathematical Model for Air Flow in a Vegetative Canopy, J. Appl. Meteor. 4, 1965 Raupach, Simplified Expressions for Vegetation Roughness Length and Zero-Plane Displacement, Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 71, 1994 Raupach, Finnigan, Brunet, Coherent Eddies and Turbulence in Vegetation Canopies: the Mixing-Layer Analogy, Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 78, 1996 Finnigan, Turbulence in Plant Canopies, Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 32, 2000 Hosker, Flow and Diffusion Near Obstacles, in Atmospheric Science and Power Production, 1984 Heisler, DeWalle, Effects of Windbreak Structure on Wind Flow, Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 22/23, 1988 Lagarde, Water Drop 3b: Physically Based Wet Surfaces, 2013 Penman, Natural Evaporation from Open Water, Bare Soil and Grass, Proc. R. Soc. A 193, 1948 |